In written work, citations or footnotes in the text are used to inform your reader of the source of your information.

• Direct quotations are always cited. Not only is this a courtesy to the original author, it would be considered plagiarism if you failed to do so.
• Reference to the source of ideas is used when your writing is influenced by things that you have read. There need not be a direct quotation for you to use this kind of referencing. For example, you might write:

• Reference to other authorities can be used to refer your reader to background or supporting information from another source.

Before you begin writing, check the specific unit information that is provided in study books, or introductory books to see if there is a required format for footnotes and bibliographies. Where no format has been listed, the following examples in Harvard referencing style can be adopted.

The (Faculty of Education) uses in-text referencing as its standard style and urges students to employ this style unless it is unsuited to the subject area in which they are working. It is recognised that there are a few disciplines in which particular referencing approaches are regarded as standard. For example, in history, footnoting is still the accepted method of referencing because of the need to refer to large numbers of sources in order to substantiate an argument. Where the choice of referencing convention is left up to the student however, it is recommended that you adopt the format described below.

Be careful to be consistent and check your reference list.

Within the text, the reference to a source takes the form of a statement of the author's surname/authors' surnames, year of publication and, where appropriate, a page or figure number.

Techniques for this differential prediction of college-course grades have been developed at the University of Washington (Horst 1957, p. 42).

There is, as Horst (1965) has indicated, a great variety of methods currently available for factor analysing test scores.

Maier (1940,1945) has repeatedly distinguished between sources, published in different functions responsible for problem solving and has, in different years, classified problem solving as either productive or reproductive.

Vernon's experiments were started in 1944 and were reported and summarised in a series of papers and popular accounts (Vernon 1946, 1950, 1951, 1953, 1962).

Intellectual capacities are developed and intellectual competencies are achieved when the student is allowed the freedom of search and discovery (Bruner 1961a).

Note 'a', 'b', ….. placed after the year indicates the specific source being cited. Refer to the author in the same year section indicating how to present the corresponding entry in the reference list.

'These problems were all part of a wider challenge to a total evaluation of their life situation and aspirations brought about by their assumption of the role of "student".'

(Hopper & Osborn 1975, p. 125).

Earlier experiments (Johnson, personal communication) showed that age was not an important factor.

• (ed. Kaufmann 1974)

• ...edited by Kaufmann (1974)

• (Crowley, unpub.)

• Crowley (unpub.) argues that...

• Donovan (n.d.) revealed...

• Harris (c. 1751) said...

• On Travelling to London (1683) reveals this to be false.

• This was not so in seventeenth-century England (On Travelling to London 1683)

In the reference list at the end of a report or essay, the entries are listed in alphabetical order by author.

It is just as important to cite Internet resources correctly as it is to reference print materials, since both are covered by copyright law.

There are few published standards for using the Harvard System, although there are many guides which discuss other systems, such as APA and MLA.

Some examples adapted from the print-based Harvard system are shown below. The general principles should be adapted to other media (eg. newspapers, conference papers). A listing of some of the discussions for guidelines for electronic referencing are also given.

Clancy, J. & Ballard, B. 1982, Essay Writing for Students, Longman Cheshire, Melbourne.

Elms, J. 1991, Essay, Assignment Organisation, Preparation and Presentation, USQ Student Association, Toowoomba.

Marshall, L. & Rowland, F. 1981, A Guide to Learning Independently, Longman Cheshire, Melbourne.

Orr, F. 1984, How to Pass Exams, Allen & Unwin, Sydney.

- -1988, How to Succeed at Part-Time Study, Allen & Unwin, Sydney.

Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers 1994, 5th edn, AGPS, Canberra. Call number: R808.02 STY.

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