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Topic 6

Cognitive Development

Intelligence

• cognition, intellectual functioning, thinking

Intelligence / Cognition

• Range of theoretical views
• Historical approach
• Eclectic view

Conceptions or definitions 1

• Galton (1883) - different innate abilities to discriminate stimuli
• James Mc Kean Cattell (1890) devised mental test (psychophysical) which measured sensing of stimuli and motor actions
• "Heavier-than-air flying machines are impossible." Lord Kelvin, president, Royal Society, 1895.

Conceptions or definitions 2

• Binet & Simon (1903) test to measure ability to reason verbally, solve problems, think logically (PSYCHOMETRICS)
• Terman (1916, 1937) Stanford Binet Tests IQ = MA/ CA x 100
• Wechler (1974) WISC-R

Wechler (1974) WISC-R

• Verbal (General information, General Comprehension, Arithmetic, Similarities, Vocabulary)
• Performance (Picture completion, Picture arrangement, Block design, Object assembly, Coding)

Conceptions or definitions 3

• Spearman (1904) Two Factors: g or general and s specific ability
• Thurstone (1938) seven distinct capabilities (visual comprehension, word fluency, number facility, spatial visualisation,memory, reasoning, perceptual speed)

Conceptions or definitions 4

Guilford (1967,1985) Three elements :

• operations (5 mental processes such as memory);
• contents (5 visual, auditory etc);
• products (6 units, classes etc)

Conceptions or definitions 5

Raymond Cattel & Horn (1968, 1981) two types of intelligence:

• fluid biologically based mental ability;
• crystallised skills from the culture

Conceptions or definitions 6

Sternberg Triarchic Theory (1985, 1988, 1991):

• contextual intelligence, can manipulate the environment
• componential intelligence, encoding, mathematical ability, plan, monitor, metacognitive skills
• experiential intelligence, creative, new relationships

Conceptions or definitions 7

Gardner (1986, 1988) Multiple Intelligences

• Linguistic
• Musical
• Logico-mathematical
• Spatial
• Bodily kinaesthetic
• Intrapersonal
• Interpersonal

Influences

• Heredity
• Environmental
  Social class (mother, education level)
  Family-interesting physical environment
  - emotional environment
  - verbal environment
  - child rearing practice
  - expectations
  - position in family & family size (Zajonc)
• Racial differences
  environmental & cultural
• Gender differences

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