Harvard AGPS Style - print and non-print sources
Please note that whilst Library Information staff can direct students to the location of referencing guides either online or in print, they cannot give specific advice to students on how to reference, as this is the role of academic staff, many of whom have specific preferences for citing.
Please contact the appropriate academic staff member to clarify any referencing issues you may have.
Citing print and non-print sources - Harvard Style
Academic conventions and copyright law require that you acknowledge when you use the ideas of others. In most cases, this means stating which book or journal article is the source of an idea or quotation.
There are two aspects to learn: in-text references and a list of references cited, given at the end.
Harvard Referencing - A Brief Guide presents an overview in a short Breeze presentation.
List of references
At the end of your essay, place a list of the references you have cited in the text. Arrange this in alphabetical order of authors' surnames, and chronologically for each author, where more than one work by that author is cited. The author's surname is placed first, followed by initials or first name, and then the year of publication is given. If the list contains more than one item published by the same author in the same year, add lower case letters immediately after the year to distinguish them. For example "1983a". See the following examples.
Type of item followed by example
Book, 1 author
Cole, GHA 1991, Thermal power cycles, Edward Arnold, London.
Book, 2 or more authors
List all authors in the list of references. See later section for citing in-text.
Douglas, M & Watson, C 1984, Networking, Macmillan, London.
Flexer, RW, Baer, RM, Luft, P & Simmons, TJ 2008, Transition planning for secondary students with disabilities, 3rd edn, Pearson, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Book, anonymous
The eliciting of frank answers 1955, Engineering Publications, Florida.
2 or more books in one year by same author
List in alphabetical order by title.
King, P 1984a, Power in Australia, UQP, St. Lucia.
------- 1984b, Solar power, Macmillan, Melbourne.
Edited book
Long, PE (ed.) 1991, A collection of current views on nuclear safety, Penguin, Harmondsworth.
Book, edition
Morton, JS 1984, Wind power: an overview, 2nd edn, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.
Chapter in an edited book
North, D 1980, 'Energy use at home', in S Scott & N Peel (eds.), Energy conservation, Academic Press, London.
Article cited in a book
Oppenheim, PL 1981, 'Power politics', Journal of Power Engineering, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 19-26, quoted in Strong, K 1985, Advances in power engineering, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p. 70.
Corporate author
Department of Energy 1980, Projections of energy needs, HMSO, London.
Journal article
Culotta, E 2008, 'Hobbit skull suggests a separate species', Science Now, vol. 2008, no. 677, p. 2.
Journal article, 2 or more authors
List all authors in the list of references. See later section for citing in-text.
Jones, BE & Jones, SR 1987, 'Powerful questions', Journal of Power Engineering, vol. 1, no. 3, pp.10-8.
Gibberd, R, Snow, PT, Rice, PG & Patel, NB 1991, 'Nuclear power at what price?', The Bulletin, vol. 113, June 4, pp. 51-5.
Journal article, no author
ATSIC News 2002, 'Aboriginal identity and the loss of certainty', vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 50-2.
Newspaper article
Popham, B 1987, 'Saving the future', Weekend Australian Magazine, 7-8 Feb., p. 10.
Newspaper article no author
All of the details are provided in the in-text citation and there is no need for an entry in the reference list.
Conference paper
Trump, A 1986, 'Power play', Proceedings of the third annual conference, International Society of Power Engineers, Houston Texas, pp. 40-51.
Microform
Herbert, WG 1987, The Australian beef industry: an overview, Australian Livestock Council, Canberra, microfiche.
Motion pictures, videos, DVDs, television and radio programs
The following details should be provided in a reference list - title, date of recording, format, publisher, place of recording. Any special credits and other information that might be useful can be noted after the citation.
Fahrenheit 9/11 2004, DVD, Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment, Culver City, Calif. Written, produced and directed by Michael Moore.
Grumpy meets the orchestra 1992, video recording, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Sydney. Featuring the Sydney Symphony Orchestra.
Sunday too far away 1975, motion picture, South Australian Film Corporation, Adelaide. Distributed by Rainbow Products Ltd, Sydney, and starring Jack Thompson, Reg Lye and Max Cullen.
What are we going to do with the money? 1997, television program, ABC Television, Sydney, 8 August.
The search for meaning 1998, radio program, ABC Radio, Sydney, 24 March.
Legislation
The titles of pieces of legislation should be cited exactly. Neither spelling or capitalisation should be altered to suit the referencing style. Articles (a, an or the) should not be omitted.
Legislation is only included in a list of references if it is important to the understanding of the work (preferably in a separate list under the subheading 'Legislation').
Even if viewed electronically, legislation is generally referenced as if in print (unless only available electronically).
For Acts include - Name of Act Year (Jurisdiction)
Copyright Act 1968 (Cwlth)
Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld)
For Bills include - Name of Bill Year (Legislative Body) (no italics)
Anti-terrorism Bill 2004 (House of Representatives)
Unpublished theses, papers and abstracts
Present the title of the document in roman type and in quotation marks. The other details will vary according to the nature of the document.
Langdon, WB 1996, 'Data structures and genetic programming', PhD thesis, University College, London.
Bouchert-Bert, L 2002, 'When humans entered the northern forests: an archaeological and palaeoenvironmental perspective', MA dissertation, University of Calgary.
Pomfret, R 2001, 'Economic diversification of the new independent central Asian countries', paper to be presented at the International Conference on Economic Diversification of Small States, Brunei, 12-13 November.
Muhingo, E & Boniface, R 2003, 'Involving men to increase family planning acceptance', abstract presented at the Reproductive Health Response in Conflict Consortium Conference, Brussels, Belgium, 7-8 October.
Unpublished manuscripts
If it is difficult to provide details about the location of a manuscript, be systematic.
Abramiuk, M 2002, 'A preliminary report on classic Maya ground stone tool exchange in and around the southern Maya mountains of Belize', in possession of the author.
Adams, DE 1917, 'My journey to Khartoum', in posession of MA Adams, Adelaide.
Joyce, TA 1931, 'Report of the British Museum expedition to British Honduras, 1931', in possession of the Central Archives of the British Museum.
Hudson, DE 1909-18, 'Diary', Hudson Papers, Fisher Library, University of Sydney.
Benton, TH 1847, 'Letter to Charles Fremont, 22 June', John Charles Fremont Papers, Southwest Museum Library, Los Angeles.
USQ course materials and readings
Study notes should be listed in the same manner as a book.
Austin, L 2004, ECE 1001 Child studies I: introductory book, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba.
When the author's name is unknown.
ACC 5003 NIA advanced financial accounting: study book 2004, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba.
For articles and chapters from books of readings, include both a reference to the original article and a reference to the book of readings.
Kuebler, SA 2004, 'OSHA's enforcement strategy', Occupational Health & Safety, vol. 73, no. 12, pp. 12-3, in Eddington, I (ed.), MGT 8015 Corporate occupational health and safety: selected readings, 2005, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Reading 4.1, pp. 71-2.
Hancock, L 2002, 'Australian federalism, politics and health', in H Gardner & S Barraclough (eds.), Health policy in Australia, 2nd edn., Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, in Eddington, I (ed.), MGT 8015 Corporate occupational health and safety: selected readings, 2005, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Reading 1.2, pp. 28-35.
USQ lecture notes (published in print)
Stevens, J 2004, ECO 2640 Applied econometrics: course notes, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba.
ACC 5003 NIA advanced financial accounting: course notes 2004, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba.
Note: Treat like personal communication if they are your own notes or unpublished.
Top of page
How to cite references within the text of an assignment
These are also called in-text references. When you use another's ideas you should immediately acknowledge your sources. Always give the surname of the author and the date of publication. If you are referring to the general theme of the book, page numbers are unnecessary. Where you are quoting or referring to figures or data, page numbers must be included. Examples follow:-
Soil layers below the well tip contribute relatively little water (Kozeny 1988, p. 223).
Kozeny (1988, p. 223) found soil layers below the well tip contributed little.
Carlson (1981) obtained results which...
A recent study (Carlson 1990) ...
When volumes, sections or equations are needed
(Jessor 1989, vol. 2, p. 23)
(Jessor 1989, vol. 2, p. 23; vol. 3, pp. 20-41)
(Jessor 1989, sec. 2)
(Jessor 1989, eq. 3)
Two or three authors
(Jones & Hackett 1991)
Jones and Hackett (1991) theorized that...
(Boyd, Smith & Eberle 1985)
Boyd, Smith and Eberle (1985) found...
Note: The ampersand is used when the authors' names are in brackets.
More than three authors
Use the first author only followed by 'et al.' For example, a work by Carter, Morton, Duncan-Kemp and Redding becomes:
Carter et al. (1989) discussed library search methods.
A range of search methods (Carter et al. 1989) were discussed.
Note: Names of all the authors must be given in the list of references.
Multiple citations of the same author
Arrange in chronological order, and use suffixes to distinguish works published in the same year (the order of the letters is determined based on the alphabetical order of the titles).
Brown (1980, 1983a, 1983b) theorized ...
Brown (1983a, p. 21; 1983b, p. 85) theorized ...
Two authors, same surname
Initials are included to distinguish.
The theory was propounded by AE Smith (1981), but has been refuted since (Smith, BR 1985).
More than one work cited
Alphabetical presentation is recommended.
(Haddon 1969; Larsen 1971)
Personal communications
Personal communications can include things such as letters, memos, emails, facsimiles, interviews, informal conversations, telephone calls and lecture presentations.
Initials are included. Full details of the date (day, month and year) should be provided in the text.
(Ayers, RN 1991, pers. comm., 2 July).
MK Larsen (1983, pers. comm., 1 May) said...
On 20 July 2006, Ms A Brown confirmed ...
Note: Personal communications are not included in the list of references at the end.
Encyclopedias and dictionaries (if no author is evident)
The concise Oxford dictionary of current English (1990) defines it as ...
(The Cambridge encyclopedia of the English language 1995)
Note: There is then no need for an entry in the reference list.
Editors
(ed. Kaufmann 1974)
... edited by Kaufmann (1974)
Unknown or uncertain dates
No publication date - Donovan (n.d.) revealed ...
Approximate publication date - Harris (c. 1751) said ...
Doubtful publication date - Hawkins (1886?)
Unpublished work - (Crowley, unpub.)
Crowley (unpub.) argues that...
Not yet in the process of being published - Tomasi (forthcoming)
Currently in the process of being published - Nisbet (in press)
Anonymous
On travelling to London (1683) reveals this to be false.
This was not so in seventeenth-century England (On travelling to London 1683)
... as reported in ATSIC News (2002)
This is a common misconception (ATSIC News 2002)
Note: Do not use 'Anonymous' or 'Anon'.
No personal author, sponsored by corporate body
(CSIRO 1982)
A publication of the Institution of Engineers, Australia (1988) is ...
Note: Abbreviations such as CSIRO may be used in textual references. The abbreviation should then be used for all in-text citations of that body and the reference list should provide a cross-reference:
CSIRO - see Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
Newspapers
If authors are given, use the principles already stated.
If there is no author, provide all the details in the in-text citation. Examples:
(Weekend Australian 24-25 Jan. 1987, p. 19)
... in the Sydney Morning Herald (24 January 2000, p. 12).
(Financial Review 18 January 2000, editorial)
Note: There is no need for an entry in the reference list. If a work contains frequent references to newspaper material, it may be best to abbreviate the newspaper titles. SMH, for example, could replace Sydney Morning Herald. The abbreviation, like the full title, is italicised.
Citations from secondary sources
Brown (cited in Smith 1995) reported ...
(Brown, cited in Smith 1995)
Note: In the reference list provide the details of the author who has done the citing:
Smith, J 1995, ...
Details of the work of the author being cited - in this example, Brown - can be included if useful or of interest.
The Bible
Psalm 23:6-8
Motion pictures, videos, DVDs, television and radio programs
In-text references should contain the title (in italics) and date of production.
Strictly ballroom (1992)
(Understanding the GNP 1982)
Legislation
The titles of pieces of legislation should be cited exactly. Neither spelling or capitalisation should be altered to suit the referencing style. Articles (a, an or the) should not be omitted.
Legislation is only included in a list of references if it is important to the understanding of the work (preferably in a separate list under the subheading 'Legislation'). Most Acts and Ordinances have a short, formal title that can be used for citation purposes. First references should always cite this short, formal title in italics (exactly and in full) and subsequent references can be shown in roman script (not italics) with the date omitted.
... the Environment Protection (Impact of Proposals) Act 1974 ...
... the Environment Protection (Impact of Proposals) Act ...
There are two ways of clarifying jurisdiction. For works referred to infrequently, make it obvious in the text.
Victoria's Equal Opportunity Act 1995 prohibits ...
Otherwise, place information in parentheses and in roman script after the date.
... the Copyright Act 1968 (Cwlth) ...
... the Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld) ...
Acts of the parliaments of other nations should be presented in roman script.
... The Sale of Foods Act 2000 (UK) ...
Bills are presented in roman type because they are, in effect, 'unpublished' at that stage.
... the Regulation of Genetic Material Bill 2000 ...
Direct quotations
Brief quotations (about 30 words or less) can be included in text. Use single quotations marks.
Stewart (1982, p. 6) said: 'Engineers are vital to the survival of the planet'.
'Engineers are vital to the survival of the planet' (Stewart 1982, p. 6).
Lengthy quotations are given in separate paragraphs which are usually indented from the text margin and set in smaller type. No quotation marks are used. Citations are as above.
Should you need additional guidance refer to the Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, 6th edn, Wiley Australia. Call number 808.02 Sty. Copies held in the Main Collection and Reference.
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