Richard E. Clark
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Richard E. Clark is Professor and Chair, Division of Educational Psychology and Technology and Director of Professional Studies in the School of Education at the University of Southern California at Los Angeles. This article is based in part on a debate between the author and Robert Kozma at the 1993 international convention of The European Association for Research on Learning and instruction at Aix en Provence, France, September 4,1993, and on a February 1991 article by the author in Educational Technology titled "When Researchers Swim Upstream: Reflections on an Unpopular Argument About Learning From Media" (pp.34-40).