Textual References
These are also called in-text references. When you use another’s ideas you should immediately acknowledge your sources. Always give the surname of the author and the date of publication. Examples follow:
• Soil layers below the well tip contribute relatively little water (Kozeny 1988).
• Kozeny (1988) found soil layers below the well tip contributed little.
• Carlson (1981) obtained results which …
• A recent study (Carlson 1990) ...

Two or three authors
• (Jones & Hackett 1991)
• (Jones & Hackett 1991) theorized that ...
• (Campbell, Reece, & Mitchell 1985)
• Campbell, Reece and Mitchell (1985) found ...
Note: The ampersand is used when the authors’ names are in brackets.

More than three authors
Use the first author only followed by ‘et al.’ For example, a work by Dearnaley, Daggard, McKilligan and Withers (1999) becomes:
• Dearnaley et al. (1999) outlines the methods used….
Note: Names of all the authors must be given in the list of references.

Multiple citations of the same author
Arrange in chronological order, and use suffixes to distinguish works published in the same year.
• Brown (1980, 1983a, 1983b) theorized ...

More than one work cited
• (Larsen 1971; Haddon 1969)

Personal communications
• (Ayers, 1991, pers. comm.,).
• M.K. Larsen (1983, pers. comm.,) said ...
Note: Personal communications are not included in the list of references at the end.

Unpublished Works
• (Crowley, unpub.)
• Crowley (unpub.) argues that ...

No date or approximate date
• Donovan (n.d.) revealed ...
• Harris (c. 1751) said ...

Anonymous
• On Travelling to London (1683) reveals this to be false.
• This was not so in seventeenth-century England (On Travelling to London 1683)
Note: Do not use ‘Anonymous’ or ‘Anon’.

No personal author, sponsored by corporate body
• (CSIRO 1982)
• A publication of the Institution of Engineers, Australia (1988) is..
Note: Well known abbreviations such as CSIRO may be used in textual references, but should be spelt out in an alphabetical list of abbreviations. Abbreviations used in textual references should correspond with those in the list of references.

Database
• Australian Architecture Database, Stanton Library,
• AGRIS (database), United Nations Food and Agricultural Organisation,

Secondary source of idea
• Johns (1980, , cited in Holesworthy 1985,)

Direct Quotations
In scientific writing it is essential that you express yourself in your own words.  If it is absolutely necessary to use a quotation (a crucial, unrewordable phrase of about 10 words or less) then the following illustrates the correct procedure.
• Stewart (1982, p. 6) said: ‘Engineers are vital to the survival of the planet’.
• ‘Engineers are vital to the survival of the planet’ (Stewart 1982, p. 6).

List of References
At the end of your report, place a list of references cited in the text. Arrange this in alphabetical order of author’s surnames, and chronologically for each author where more than one work by that author is cited. The author’s surname is placed first, followed by initials or first name, and then the year of publication is given. If the list contains more than one item published by the same author in the same year add lower case letters immediately after the year to distinguish them. For example ‘1983a’. See the following examples:
 
 
 

Type Of Item                                                  Example
Book (1 author)                   Cole, G.H.A. 1991, Thermal Power Cycles, Edward Arnold, London.
                                            Government pub.no author Department of Energy 1980, Projections of
                                            Energy Needs, HMSO, London.

Book (2 authors)                  Douglas, M. & Watson, C. 1984, Networking, Macmillan, London.

Book (anonymous)               The Eliciting of Frank Answers 1955, Engineering Publications, Florida.

Journal article (4 authors)      Gibberd, R., Snow, P.T., Rice, P.G. & Patel, N.B. 1991, ‘Nuclear power at
                                             what price?’ The Bulletin, vol. 113, June 4, pp. 51–5.

Journal article                        Jones, B.E. & Jones, S.R. 1987, ‘Powerful questions,’ Journal of Power
                                             Engineering, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 10–18.

2 books in year/same author  King, P. 1984a, Power in Australia, UQP, St. Lucia,
                                             King, P. 1984b, Solar Power, Macmillan, Melbourne.

Editor                                    Long, P.E. (ed.) 1991, A Collection of Current Views on Nuclear Safety,
                                             Penguin, Harmondsworth.

Edition                                   Morton, J.S. 1984, Wind Power: An Overview, 2nd edn, Melbourne
                                              University Press, Melbourne.

Chapter in an edited book      North, D. 1980, ‘Energy use at home’, in Energy Conservation, eds S. Scott
                                             & N. Peel, Academic Press, London.

Article cited in a book             Oppenheim, P.L. 1981, ‘Power politics’, Journal of Power Engineering, vol.
                                              1, no. 3, pp. 19–26, quoted in Strong, K. 1985, Advances in Power
                                              Engineering, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p. 70.

Newspaper article                  Popham, B. 1987, ‘Saving the future’, Weekend Australian Magazine, 7–8
                                              Feb., p.10.

Newspaper article no author   Perth Daily News, 24 Jan. 1987, p.10.

Conference paper published    Trump, A. 1986, ‘Power play’, Proceedings of the Third Annual
                                              Conference, International Society of Power Engineers, Houston Texas,
                                              pp. 40–51.

Conference paper unpublished Suzuki, R. 1982, Workers’ attitudes toward computer innovation and
                                               organization culture: The case in Japan, paper presented to 10th World
                                               Congress of Sociology, Mexico City, 16–21 Aug.

Database                                 AGRIS (database), United Nations Food and Agricultural Organisation,
                                               Vendor: Silverplatter, annual updating.

Motion pictures, videos            Learning to Live (motion picture) 1964, London, Fine Films Inc.,
                                                Producer Martin Freeth.

Microform                               Herbert, W.G. 1987, The Australian Beef Industry: An Overview,
                                               Australian Livestock Council, Canberra, microfiche.
 

Should you need any more guidance refer to one of the online journals that the USQ library subscribes to eg.  Plant Physiology or Plant Cell which can be accessed by following the links through: http://www.aspb.org/
 

Citing Online Sources
Information obtained from the internet is covered by copyright law.  You should cite any electronic sources of information.  When citing a website, you should indicate the following:
-the Author(s) ['Anon.' if no author indicated or organisation name if indicated],
-the document date or date of last revision,
-the title of document if indicated (in single quotation marks),
-the title of the complete work (if any, in italics),
-the URL address (preceded by the 'less than' symbol and followed by the 'more than' symbol),
-the organisation (if indicated),
-the date the material was accessed (in brackets).

Examples:
Australian Bureau of Statistics (1997) 'Key national indicators', ABS Statsite. <http://www.abs.gov.au/>,Australian Bureau of Statistics (accessed 26 June 1997).

Le Brocque A.F. (2002) 'Major Australian Terrestrial Ecosystems (Biomes)'. Supplementary Resource Materials. <http://www.usq.edu.au/users/lebrocq/b-resources/austecosys.htm> Faculty of Sciences, University of Southern Queensland (accessed 18 July 2002).
 

If you are still unclear about referencing feel free to seek help from your demonstrator.
 

 
 

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