Steven R Raine
BAgrSc(Hons), MAgrSt, PhD

Steven Raine is a Professor of Irrigation and Soil Science within the Faculty of Engineering and Surveying at the University of Southern Queensland in Toowoomba. He is also the Science Leader (Irrigation, Soils and Land Resources) within the National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture. Steven has a Doctorate of Philosophy (Soil Physics), Master of Agricultural Studies and a Bachelor of Agricultural Science (Hons) majoring in Land Resource Science from the University of Queensland. He lectures undergraduate units within the Faculty of Engineering and Surveying at USQ in Soil Science, Agricultural Science, and Land Studies. Steven has previously been the Program Leader for “Future Irrigation – Practice and Technology” within the Cooperative Research Centre for Irrigation Futures and worked as an irrigation specialist for Queensland Fruit and Vegetable Growers Limited, as an irrigation research scientist with the Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations, and as a land resource surveyor with the Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory.  He has also undertaken irrigation research for the cotton, sugar, fruit and vegetable sectors, undertaken land resource and soil surveys for BHP-UTAH Pty Ltd, and been a tutor of undergraduate soils and agronomy courses taught at the University of Queensland.

Research Interests

Membership of Professional Societies

Current Projects

Completed Projects

Publications

Contact Details

Current research interests:

• Design and management practices to improve the efficiency and productivity of both surface and pressurised irrigation systems;
• Decision support systems for irrigation management;
• Factors influencing soil slaking and dispersion, and their subsequent effect on infiltration processes;
• Mechanisms affecting soil aggregate hierarchy and structural stability;
• Salinity, sodicity, soil-water and solute movement under commercial practices; and
• Natural resource management.

Steven also has a keen interest in fostering participatory action learning processes amongst irrigators as a method of ensuring the adoption of improved practices.

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Membership of Professional Societies

• Australian Society of Soil Science Inc. 1987-present
• Australian Society of Sugar Cane Technologists (Full member) 1995-present
• British Society of Soil Science. 1993-present
• Irrigation Australia Limited (formerly Irrigation Assocation of Australia). 1995-present
• Soil Science Society of America. 2003-present

Professional Awards:

• Chief Scientist’s Award, Cooperative Research Centre for Irrigation Futures Conference, Sydney, 2004
• ASSSI Conference Presentation Award (Best oral presentation) - National Soils Conference, Brisbane, 1998
• Sugar Research and Development Corporation Travel Grant 1995/6
• Australian Society of Soil Science (Qld) Postgraduate Research Award 1994
• CRC Soil and Land Management Travel Grant 1993
• Percy Skerman Award, Faculty of Agricultural Science, UQ 1987
• Rural Press Limited Natural Resource Management Literary Award 1987

Professional Positions Held:

• Co-chair, Organising Committee, 19^th World Soil Congress, International Union of Soil Science, Brisbane, 2010.
• Associate Editor, Irrigation Science (2005-current)
• Honorary Secretary, Federal Council, Australian Society of Soil Science Inc. 2005-2006
• Chair, Editorial Committee, 13^th Int. Soil Conservation Organisation Conference, July 2004
• Member, Organising Committee, 16th Triennial Conference, International Soil Tillage Research Organisation, July 2003
• Guest Editor, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture Volume 31. Special Issue: Advances in Soil Science. 2001
• Honorary Secretary, Federal Council, Australian Society of Soil Science Inc. 1999-2000
• Honorary Secretary, Australian Society of Soil Science Inc (Qld Branch), 1996-1999
• Chair, Awards Committee, Australian Society of Soil Science Inc (Qld Branch), 1997-1999
• Member, Awards Committee, Australian Society of Soil Science Inc (Qld Branch), 1996-1997
• Secretary, International Symposium of Sealing, Crusting and Hardsetting Soils, 7-11th Feb, 1994.

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Current Projects

2008-2010	Driving better vegetable irrigation through profitable practice change (VG07023) Funding: Horticulture Australia Limited/Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries
2006-2009	Evaluating field scale variability of irrigation application systems Funding: Cooperative Research Centre for Irrigation Futures
2006-2009	South-east Queensland Irrigation Futures - Research and development support Funding: Queensland Department of Natural Resources & Water

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Completed Projects

2005-8	Optimising irrigation scheduling with the use of continuous ‘real time’ plant monitoring sensors [pdf of Final Report ppt – 2.2Mb] Funding: Cotton Research and Development Corporation
2007	Soil physical and chemical benefits associated with amending coal gas seam water with sulphur for irrigation purposes Funding: Queensland Gas Company
2007	Development of an infield irrigation performance reporting tool Funding: Queensland Department of Natural Resources & Water
2004-2006	Tools and techniques for improving the precision of irrigation Funding: Cooperative Research Centre for Irrigation Futures
2003-2006	Sureplay - Best management practices for sustainable and safe playing surfaces on Australian Football League sports fields. Funding: QAFL, Horticulture Australia, Queensland Department of Primary Industries
2006-7	“Monitoring of on-farm water use and irrigation storages using remote sensing and GIS” Funding: USQ
2004-2005	Development of measurement systems for mapping soil and turf properties on sporting fields Funding: NCEA, USQ
2003-2004	Identification and management of dispersive mine spoils Funding: Australian Centre for Mining Environmental Research
2003-2004	Evaluating the potential to impose partial rootzone drying (PRD) on high clay soils under commercial conditions Funding: CRC for Irrigation Futures
2003	Bundaberg Water Reuse Development – Agronomic assessment Funding: Bundaberg City Council & Psi-Delta
2000-2003	Technical Specialist services to the Queensland Fruit and Vegetable Growers Ltd “Water for Profit” irrigation extension and adoption program Funding: Department of Natural Resources and Mines - Rural Water Use Efficiency Initiative
2003	Development of an Irrigation Information Resources Interface for the Qld Sugar Industry RWUEI program Funding: Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations
2001	Scoping study of centre pivots and lateral move machines in the Australian cotton industry Funding: Cotton Research and Development Corporation
2000-2001	Scoping study of drip irrigation in the Australian cotton industry Funding: Cotton Research and Development Corporation
1999-2001	Mary River Catchment water use efficiency study.   Funding: Queensland Department of Natural Resources
1999-2000	Core Skills Training and Review of R,D & E for the Rural Water Use Efficiency Initiative Funding: Queensland Department of Natural Resources
1997-2001	Best management practices for maximising whole farm irrigation efficiency in the Australian cotton industry.  Funding: Cotton Research and Development Corporation
1999-2000	Audit of water and irrigation use efficiencies on farms within the Queensland dairy industry.  Funding: Queensland Dairy Organisation
1999-2000	Audit of water and irrigation use efficiencies on farms within the Queensland lucerne industry.  Funding: Department of Natural Resources and Mines
1999	Audit of water and irrigation use efficiencies on farms within the Queensland horticultural industry.  Funding: Queensland Fruit and Vegetable Growers
1997-2001	Optimisation of surface drainage design with demonstration and adoption in low lying canelands Funding: Sugar Research and Development Corporation
1996-2000	Quantifying the socio-economic impact of harvesting residue retention systems Funding: Sugar Research and Development Corporation & LWRRDC
1994-1997	Increasing the irrigation efficiency of the Australian sugar industry.  Funding: Land and Water Resources Research and Development Corporation
1993-1996	Increased productivity through better design and management of irrigated canefields. Funding: Sugar Research and Development Corporation
1996	Visiting Fellowship for Prof. Wynn Walker (Utah State Univ) to continue development of the surface irrigation model SIRMOD.  Funding: Land and Water Resources Research and Development Corporation
1995	Review of irrigation research in Hawaii, Utah and California. Funding: Sugar Research and Development Corporation

Publications

Langat, P.K., Smith, R.J. and RAINE, S.R (2008). Estimating the furrow infiltration characteristic from a single advance point. Irrigation Science 26:367–374 [DOI: 10.1007/s00271-008-0102-7]

McCarthy, C., Hancock, N. and RAINE, S. (2008). On-the-go machine vision sensing of cotton plant geometric parameters: first results. In Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice (J. Billingsley and R Bradbeer eds), Springer, New York. p305-12. (Originally presented at 13^th Annual Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice. 5-7^th December 2006, Toowoomba)

Gillies, M.H., Smith, R.J. and RAINE, S.R. (2008). Measurement and management of furrow irrigation at the field scale. National Conference, Irrigation Australia Limited. 20-22^nd May, Melbourne. 7pp.

Grabham, M.K., Hornbuckle, J.W., RAINE, S.R. and Smith, R.J. (2008). Observations from initial evaluation trials of bankless channel irrigation systems. National Conference, Irrigation Australia Limited. 20-22^nd May, Melbourne. 7pp.

Hussain, A., and RAINE, S.R. (2008). A preliminary evaluation of the potential to use electromagnetic induction to assess sprinkler irrigation performance in horticultural crops. In Proc. First Global Workshop on Digital Soil Sensing and Mapping, 5-8^th Feb, Sydney.

Hussain, A., RAINE, S.R. and Henderson, C.W. (2008). Preliminary evaluation of relationships between irrigation non-uniformity and crop responses in lettuce. National Conference, Irrigation Australia Limited. 20-22^nd May, Melbourne. 7pp.

Hussain, A., RAINE, S.R., Henderson, C.W and Jensen, T. (2008). Evaluation of a proximal vision data acquisition system for measuring spatial variability in lettuce growth. National Conference, Agronomy Society of Australia, 21-25^th Sept, Adelaide. 4pp.

McCarthy, A.C., Hancock, N.H. and RAINE, S.R. (2008). Towards evaluation of adaptive control systems for improved site-specific irrigation of cotton. National Conference, Irrigation Australia Limited. 20-22^nd May, Melbourne. 8pp.

McCarthy, A., Hancock, N. and RAINE, S. (2008). Development of a simulation framework for variable-rate irrigation of cotton. 14^th Australian Cotton Conference, 12-14^th August, Broadbeach. [poster]

McHugh, A.D., Boughton, B., Eberhard, J., McKeering, L.M., Robson A.R. and Raine, S.R. (2008). Evaluating the relationships between plant based measurements and remotely sensed data for irrigation scheduling of cotton. National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture Publication 1001574/8, USQ, Toowoomba.

RAINE, S. R. and Foley, J.P. (2008). Scheduling and other tactics to improve irrigated water use efficiency – a focus on centre pivots and lateral moves. Grains Update Meeting, 19 August, Dalby. GRDC, Sydney. 3pp.

RAINE, S.R., Wallace, S. and Curran, N. (2008). IPART – an irrigation performance evaluation and reporting tool for pressurised application systems. National Conference, Irrigation Australia Limited. 20-22^nd May, Melbourne. 7pp.

White, S.C. and RAINE, S.R. (2008) A grower guide to plant based sensing for irrigation scheduling. Publication 1001574/6. National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture, USQ, Toowoomba. 52pp.

White, S.C. and RAINE, S.R. (2008). Infield spatial variability of surface irrigated cotton yields. National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture Publication 1001574/9, USQ, Toowoomba.

RAINE, S.R., Meyer, W.S., Rassam, D.W. Hutson, J.L. and Cook, F.J. (2007). Soil-water and solute movement under precision irrigation – knowledge gaps for managing sustainable root zones. Irrigation Science 26:91-100.

Langat, P.K., RAINE, S.R. and Smith, R.J. (2007). Errors in predicting furrow irrigation performance using single measures of infiltration. Irrigation Science 25:339–349.

Gillies, M.H., Smith, R.J. and RAINE, S.R. (2007). Accounting for temporal inflow variation in the inverse solution for infiltration in surface irrigation. Irrigation Science 25: 87-97.

Smith, R.J. RAINE, S.R., McCarthy, A.C. and Hancock, N.H (2007). Managing spatial and temporal variability in irrigated agriculture through adaptive control. In Challenge Today, Technology Tomorrow. National Conference, Society Engineering in Agriculture, 23-26^th Sept, Adelaide. 12 pp.

McCarthy, C.L., Hancock, N.H. and RAINE, S.R. (2007). Automated machine vision sensing of plant structural parameters. In Biological Sensorics: Critical Technologies for Future Biosystems, 15-17 June, Minneapolis. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, St Joseph.

McCarthy, C.L., Hancock, N.H., and RAINE, S.R. (2007). A preliminary field evaluation of an automated vision-based plant geometry measurement system. Fifth International Conference on Functional Structural Plant Models, 4-9^th November, Napier, New Zealand.

McHugh, A.D. Eberhard, J.K., Wigginton, D.W. and RAINE, S.R. (2007). Increasing the sustainability and efficiency of irrigated agriculture in the Dawson Valley Irrigation Area. Final Report to the Fitzroy Basin Association. National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture Publication, USQ, Toowoomba.

White, S.C. and RAINE, S.R. (2007). Field trial report (2006/07). Optimising irrigation scheduling with the use of continuous ‘real time’ plant monitoring sensors. National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture Publication 1001574/7/1, USQ, Toowoomba.

Gillies, M., Smith, R. and RAINE, S. (2006). Is it possible to extract infiltration rates for variable inflow furrow irrigation? National Conference, Irrigation Association of Australia. 9-11 May, Brisbane. p63-4.

Khatri, K.L., Smith, R.J. and RAINE, S.R. (2006). Real time control of surface irrigation: managing infiltration variations and enhancing furrow irrigation performance. National Conference, Irrigation Association of Australia. 9-11 May, Brisbane. p73-4.

Langat, P.K. and RAINE, S.R. (2006). Using simulation modelling to improve the design and management of furrow irrigation in small-holder plots. 10^th Southern and Eastern Africa Rainwater Network Conference, 4-6^th December, Mombasa, Kenya.

McCarthy, C., Hancock, N. and RAINE, S. (2006). On-the-go machine vision sensing of cotton plant geometric parameters: first results. 13^th Annual Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice. 5-7^th December, Toowoomba.

McCarthy, C.L., Hancock, N.H., and RAINE, S.R. (2006). A preliminary evaluation of machine vision sensing of cotton nodes for automated irrigation control. National Conference, Irrigation Association of Australia. 9-11 May, Brisbane. p81-2.

RAINE, S.R. (2006). The future of irrigation technologies and practices is here now. Key note address. National Conference, Irrigation Association of Australia. 9-11 May, Brisbane. p26-30.

Gibbings, P. and RAINE, S.R. (2005). Evaluation of a low cost hydrographic technique to measure on-farm water storage volumes. Agricultural Water Management 78, 209-21.

Smith, R.J., RAINE, S.R. and Minkovich, J. (2005). Irrigation application efficiency and deep drainage potential under surface irrigated cotton. Agricultural Water Management 71, 117-30.

Eberhard, J.K. and RAINE, S.R. (2005). Sustainable and safe playing surfaces for Australian Football League sports fields – Laboratory assessment of soil-water management and the effect of amendments on soil structural properties. National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture Publication 1000817/2. University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba.

Loch, R.J., Grant, C.D., McKenzie, D.C. and RAINE, S.R. (2005). Improving plants’ water use efficiency and potential impacts from soil structure change - Research investment opportunities. National Program for Sustainable Irrigation. LWA Product Code ER050939. Land and Water Australia. Canberra.

Misra, R.K, Fuentes, S., and RAINE, S.R. (2005). Recent developments and strategies in the use of plant indicators for irrigation scheduling. In Irrigation 2005: Restoring the Balance. Proc. Nat. Conf. Irrig. Assoc. Aust., 17th -19th May, Townsville. 3pp.

Misra, R, RAINE, S., Pezzaniti, D., Charlesworth, P. and Hancock, N. (2005). A scoping study on measuring and monitoring tools and technology for precision irrigation. Irrigation Matters Series No. 01/05. CRC for Irrigation Futures, Toowoomba

RAINE, S.R., Meyer, W.S., Rassam, D.W., Hutson, J.L. and Cook, F.J. (2005). Soil-water and salt movement associated with precision irrigation systems - Research investment opportunities. National Program for Sustainable Irrigation. LWA Product Code ER050938. Land and Water Australia. Canberra.

RAINE, S.R. and Durack, M.K. (2005). The future direction of on-farm irrigation technologies and practice research. Cotton Production Seminar, 17-18th August. Cotton Consultants Australia, Narrabri. 5pp.

RAINE, S.R., Purcell, J. and Schmidt, E. (2005). Improving whole farm and infield irrigation efficiencies using Irrimate^TM tools. In Irrigation 2005: Restoring the Balance. Proc. Nat. Conf. Irrig. Assoc. Aust., 17th -19th May, Townsville. 5pp. (Reprinted in International Water and Irrigation, 2006)

Apan, A.A, RAINE, S.R., Le Brocque, A. and Cockfield, G. (2004). Spatial prioritisation of revegetation sites for dryland salinity management: An analytical framework using GIS. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 47(6), 811-825.

Emdad, M.R., RAINE, S.R., Smith, R.J., and Fardad, H. (2004). Effect of water quality on soil structure and infiltration under furrow irrigation. Irrigation Science 23, 55-60.

Gibbings, P.D., and RAINE, S.R. (2004). Configuration of a GPS and a digital depth sounder for hydrographic measurements of on-farm water storages. Spatial Science (Queensland) 6, 33-6.

Dunn, M., Billingsley, J., RAINE, S. and A. Piper (2004). Using machine vision for objective evaluation of ground cover on sporting fields. Proc. 11th IEEE Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice, 30 Nov- 2 Dec, Macau.

Gibbings, P. and RAINE, S. (2004). How much water is in your dam? Australian Cottongrower 25(3), 24-5. [Reprinted in Irrigation Australia 19(3),48-9]

Howard, E.J. and RAINE, S.R. (2004). Assessing aggregate stability in sodic soils using low frequency mechanical energy. In Conserving Soil and Water for Society: Sharing Solutions, Proc. 13th International Soil Conservation Organisation Conference. 4-9th July, Brisbane. Paper 627. 4pp.

Raine, S.R. and J.K Eberhard (2004). Characterisation of soil profiles on four AFLQ Premier League sporting fields. Report to AFLQ Sureplay. National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture Technical Report No. 1000817/1, USQ, Toowoomba.

Vacher, C.A., Loch, R.J. and RAINE, S.R. (2004). Identification and management of dispersive mine spoils. Final Report. Australian Centre for Mining Environmental Research, Brisbane.

Vacher, C.A., RAINE, S.R. and R.J. Loch (2004). Strategies to reduce tunnelling on dispersive mine spoil materials. In Conserving Soil and Water for Society: Sharing Solutions, Proc. 13th International Soil Conservation Organisation Conference. 4-9th July, Brisbane. Paper 139. 6pp.

Vacher, C.A., RAINE, S.R. and R.J. Loch (2004). Testing procedures to characterise tunnelling risk on spoil materials. In Conserving Soil and Water for Society: Sharing Solutions, Proc. 13th International Soil Conservation Organisation Conference. 4-9th July, Brisbane. Paper 638. 4pp.

White, S.C., and RAINE, S.R. (2004). Identifying the potential to apply deficit irrigation strategies in cotton using large mobile irrigation machines. 4th International Crop Science Conference, 26th Sept – 1st Oct, Brisbane.

Vacher, C.A. Loch, R.J. and RAINE, S.R. (2003). The effect of polyacrylamide additions on the infiltration and erosion of disturbed lands. Australian Journal of Soil Research 41, 1509-20.

Apan, A.A, RAINE, S.R., Cockfield, G. and Le Brocque, A. (2003). Characterising land ownership patterns in a salt affected catchment: Key implications for revegetation. Spatial Science Conf. Sept, Canberra. 11pp.

RAINE, S.R. and Loch, R.J. (2003). What is a sodic soil? Identification and management options for construction sites and disturbed lands. In Roads, Structures and Soils in Rural Queensland. 29-30 July, Toowoomba. Queensland Department of Main Roads, Brisbane. 14pp.

Howard, E.J., Donnollan, T.E. and RAINE, S.R. (2003). Opportunities to utilise recycled water from the Millbank Wastewater treatment plant. Water re-use development – agronomic assessment. National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture Publication 1000912/1, USQ, Toowoomba.

RAINE, S.R. and Brier, A. (2003). Deep drainage losses from storages and channels. In “Where is the water and salt going and what is it doing?”, 19-20th November, Narrabri. Northern Murray Darling Basin Water Balance/Deep Drainage Group. CRDC, Narrabri. 2pp.

Raine, S.R. and Dalton P (2003). Final Report: An Investigation of In Field Irrigation Management Practices to Improve the Efficiency of Furrow Irrigated Cotton Production Systems. National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture Publication 1000006/1, NCEA, Toowoomba.

RAINE, S.R. and Smith, R.J. (2003). Performance evaluation and deep drainage risk assessment for surface irrigation. In “Where is the water and salt going and what is it doing?”, 19-20th November, Narrabri. Northern Murray Darling Basin Water Balance/Deep Drainage Group. CRDC, Narrabri. 4pp.

Apan, A.A., RAINE, S.R. and Paterson, M.S. (2002). Mapping and analysis of changes in the riparian landscape structure of the Lockyer Valley catchment, Queensland. Landscape and Urban Planning 59:43-57.

Basnet, B.B., Apan, A.A. and RAINE, S.R (2002). Geographic information system based manure application plan. Journal of Environmental Management 64: 99-113.

Barber, S.A. and RAINE, S.R. (2002). Using commercial distribution uniformity and yield data to improve irrigation management. International Water & Irrigation 22(4): 17-22.

Barber, S.A. and RAINE, S.R. (2002). A preliminary study of salinity and temperature effects on soil moisture capacitance probes. Proc. Nat. Conf. Irrig. Assoc. Aust., 21st -24th May, Sydney. p234-9.

Barber, S.A., RAINE, S.R. and Howard, E.J. (2002). Engineering empowers growers to improve irrigation management. Proc. Nat. Conf., Soc. Eng. in Agric., 26-29 Sept., Wagga Wagga. Paper No. 19. 9pp.

Foley, J.P. and RAINE, S.R. (2002). Overhead irrigation in the Australian cotton industry. The Australian Cottongrower 23(1):40-44.

Foley, J.F. and RAINE, S.R. (2002). Centre pivot and lateral move machines in the Australian cotton industry. Proc. Nat. Conf. Irrig. Assoc. Aust., 21st -24th May, Sydney. 11pp.

Foley, J.F. and RAINE, S.R. (2002). Centre pivot and lateral move machines in the Australian cotton industry. Irrigation Australia 17(2):16-8.

Hardie, M., Newell, G. and RAINE, S. (2002). Effect of sugarcane trash retention systems on furrow irrigation performance. Proc. Nat. Conf. Irrig. Assoc. Aust., 21st -24th May, Sydney. p311-20.

RAINE, S.R, Barber, S.A., and Howard, E.J. (2002). The development of a resources collection to support irrigation extension activities within a best management practice framework. Proc. Nat. Conf. Irrig. Assoc. Aust., 21st -24th May, Sydney. p284-9.

RAINE, S.R. and Foley, J.P. (2002). Comparing application systems for cotton irrigation - what are the pros and cons? Field to Fashion, 11th Australian Cotton Conference, 13-15th August, Australian Cotton Growers Research Association Inc. Brisbane. (Invited paper)

RAINE, S.R. and Foley, J.P. (2002). Comparing systems for cotton irrigation. The Australian Cottongrower 23(4): 30-35.

RAINE, S.R. (2002). Issues in irrigation management for the Queensland horticultural industry. Working towards best management practices. Self Assessment Workbook and Explanatory Notes. QFVG Ltd, Brisbane.

RAINE, S.R., Smith, R.J. and Foley, J. (2002). Increasing benchmarking and optimisation of surface irrigation performance in the Australian cotton industry. Discussion Paper. NCEA, Toowoomba. 8pp.

Wigginton, D. and RAINE, S.R. (2002). Measuring water use and irrigation system performance in the Mary River catchment. Proc. Nat. Conf., Soc. Eng. in Agric., 26-29 Sept., Wagga Wagga. Paper No. 18. 10pp.

Hancock, N.H. and RAINE, S.R. (2001). Editorial - Advances in Soil Science. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 31, 211-2.

Basnet, B.B., Apan, A.A. and RAINE, S.R (2001). Selecting sites suitable for animal waste application using a raster GIS. Environmental Management 28(4): 519-31.

Dalton, P., RAINE, S. and K. Broadfoot (2001). Best management practices for maximising whole farm irrigation efficiency in the Australian cotton industry. Final report for CRDC project NEC2C. NCEA Publication 179707/2, USQ, Toowoomba. 70pp.

Foley, J.P. and RAINE, S.R. (2001). Centre pivot and lateral move machines in the Australian cotton industry. NCEA Publication 1000176/1. USQ, Toowoomba. 39pp.

RAINE, S.R. and Foley, J.P. (2001). Application systems for cotton irrigation – are you asking the right questions and getting the answers right. In “Growing Opportunities”, National Conf. Irrigation Association Australia. 11-12 July, Toowoomba. 11pp.

Wigginton, D.W. and RAINE, S.R. (2001). Irrigation system performance on dairy farms in the Mary River Catchment, Queensland. In “Growing Opportunities”, National Conf. Irrigation Association Australia. 11-12 July, Toowoomba. 11pp.

Barber, S.A. and RAINE, S.R. (2001). Using commercial distribution uniformity and yield data to improve irrigation management. In “Growing Opportunities”, National Conf. Irrigation Association Australia. 11-12 July, Toowoomba.