Participles and adjective clauses

• You can add them after a noun to be more specific.
• You can use the past participle instead of an adjective clause in a passive tense:

items sold online = items which are/were sold online

• You can use the present participle instead of an adjective clause in either an active tense:

an action resulting in success = an action which results in success

• or a continuous tense:

patients taking antibiotics = patients who are taking antibiotics